Rise and Fall of Medieval Chinese Empire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Rise and Fall of Medieval Chinese Empire - Essay Example Consequently, it occurred that the ruling class gradually became alienated from the population, and became deprived of their support during such crisis. In the imperial history of the world, religion has played an important role to hold the people of different races and ethnicities within one empire as Charles Issawi says, "the most important single factor holding India together, and enabling it to survive repeated conquests, has been the Hindu religion. Likewise, the conversion to Roman Catholicism of the native populations"1 Even if the religious belief played a significant role to unite the fragmented Chinese demography, as Issawi says, "Confucianism and Taoism helped China recover its unity after the breakdown of the Han Empire in the third century A.D. and the fragmentation and retrogression caused by the barbarian invasions"2, religion was not the one and only tool that contributed to the unity of the population. The role of religion in empire building during the Tang dynasty w as such that no prevalence of one religion was allowed to suppress another religion. Rather religions were treated and manipulated equally to create the sentiment -of the people- that is committed to the stability and solidarity of the empire. Such religious policy of the Tang Empire was in complete concordance with the 'divergent people in one state' policy of Tang Daizong.3 Therefore, the following factors can be held responsible behind the rise and fall of the Chinese empire during the Tang Dynasty: 1. Culture committed to the solidarity of the Empire4 2. Religions ensuring social stability and at the same time, nourishing the freaks among the population5 3. Effective administrative policies and politics Nature of Rise and Fall throughout the Chinese Imperial Era Throughout the passage of time, the rise and the fall of the medieval Chinese Empire were associated with each other in such a way that the rise of the empire during one dynasty was embedded in the fall of its preceding one and at the same time, the empire collapsed due to its failure to manipulate the variables that contributed its rise. One of the most common factors that contributed to the rise and the fall of the medieval Chinese empire is that the empire, in the first place, was able to unify the population of a vast area either with the consent of the people or by subjugating them with the power, culture, and religion. The role of religions in making the ancient Chinese Empire was not as significant as it was in the making of the medieval Chinese Empire. The less significant role of religion lies in the fact that religions with plural gods and goddesses were not strong enough to play a role in the making of the Chinese. Even if any religion played a role, it was mainly because of the humanistic zeal of the religion that inspired both the Chinese population and empire builders to adopt it as a means to social peace and harmony. Simply religion

the rate of reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid Es

I am going to investigate the rate of reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid. I will look at the various factors affecting the reaction and select one variable to change, while the others keep constant in order to carry out a deta... Investigating Rate of Reaction Aim I am going to investigate the rate of reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid. I will look at the various factors affecting the reaction and select one variable to change, while the others keep constant in order to carry out a detailed investigation. Formulae ======== The formula for the chemical reaction is: ========================================= CaCO3(s) + 2HCC(l) CaCl2 (aq) + H2O(l) + CO2 ============================================ I can measure the rate of reaction between the two substances using this formula. Rate of Reaction = Change in Concentration ------------------------------------------ Time Taken for Reaction A chemical reaction is the name given to a substance when it changes and becomes a completely new substance. It is difficult to reverse. It happens when particles make effective collisions with sufficient energy. Apparatus ========= Spatula ------- Conical Flask ------------- Burette Stand + Clamps Measuring Cylinder Safety Goggles Beaker Thermometer Stopwatch Kettle + water Small Funnel Delivery Tube + Bung I have chosen to use a measuring cylinder to make my experiment as accurate as I possibly can. I will be wearing the provided safety goggles at all times to protect my eyes, as hydrochloric acid is an irritant that may prove dangerous if it makes contact with the eyes. Theory The following theories will help me decide which variable I will change in my experiment to investigate the rate of reaction using calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid. Temperature - Collision Theory ============================== The diagram shows particles that are not moving quickly. This means that the chance of these particles colliding and causing a chemical reaction is rather low. The temperature is obviously low too, as the particles have little energy to move quickly. However, if heat were added, the particles would have more energy and move quicker and have a better chance of colliding. This diagram shows particles that are moving quickly. This means... ...respond with my prediction and back it up. As the temperature increases, so does the rate of reaction. If I were to repeat the experiment again, I would work under strict environment, such as in a closed room with no winds or temperature changes. I would also try and use more accurate ways of reading the temperature and keeping the temperature constant, such as by using a water bath. Doing this would possibly make my results even more accurate. I would also try and make my timing even stricter, possibly using a smaller time interval such as 10 seconds instead of 15, to get slightly more accurate results. I may also use a larger range of acids. I only tried the 1 molar acid, but if I were to repeat the experiment again, I would perhaps use 3 and 4 molar acids and test them under high temperatures. I would like to investigate in future the effect of catalysts and surface area on the rate of reaction, to be more conclusive on the subject and widen my knowledge. All in all, my experiment was a success. Everything went well, and I believe that the techniques and methods I used were accurate and sufficient enough to provide me with a sound set of conclusive results.

The Road to Basra: A Case Study in Military Ethics

The Road to Basra – A Case Study in Military Ethics This report states that this mission contained three moral themes they are as follows: 1) noncombatant immunity and the question of surrender, 2) military necessity and proportionality, and 3) observations regarding the psychology of combat and the possibilities of right intent in combatants. My translation of what those theme mean, as for noncombatant immunity and the question of surrender, a large concern was that the number of unneeded hostage that were contained within the convoy. There seemed to be a lack of certainty on what was defined as surrendering and those that did surrender appeared to still be subject to attack. Immunity didn’t appear to be an option to many, regardless of various attempt made by many different statures. In regards to, military necessity and proportionality, Was it actually necessary to attack the convoy or could it have been allowed to pass? The convoy passing was the intended purpose of the war. Because of the knowledge and fear of a retaliated attack it was felt that attacking the column with what was best at the time. Whether the attack was proportionate depended on what one thought the goal of the war was. Lastly, observations regarding the psychology of combat and the possibilities of right intent in combatants. The psychological well-being of the troops were all over the board. Some being excited about their involvement of the â€Å"feeding frenzy† as some called it. Where others were clearly upset but this, those were asking not to be sent back to that position upon return for refuel. To be delighted on the amount of destruction contributed, having a sense of pleasure from shooting large quantities of live targets. It was stated that the longer a soldier lives in the zone of combat the more desensitized to what he doing he becomes. White Flags on the Road to Basra – Surrendering Soldiers in the Persian Gulf War First section depicts soldiers that were waving their white flags and still shot and killed. Pilots expressed delight in the havoc they were causing. Enjoyed displaying the abilities of their aircrafts, showing the damage they can cause. Many Iraqi soldiers abandoned their vehicles on foot, many mere children ages of 13 and 14. They were hunted down and killed by cluster bombs. Many were waving white flags, and this was disregarded. It stated that killing soldier in war is acceptable. There were no established facts that showed that the attack was military necessary. Military necessity consists in acts of violence relevant to achieving a tactical or military objective and compatible with laws and customs of war. So basically because its war, what is defined and necessary is a bevy of ideas depending on what is needed or wanted. There appears to have been a discrepancy as to whether or not the Iraqi troops waved the white flags to surrender. In previous practice when a soldier held up a white flag, they surrender and are granted immunity and fire is ceased. It is believed that Iraqi troops did not display the white flag with intent to surrender. The study states that today’s wars aren’t any remotely close to how they used be when the fight was face to face. With the advancement in technology it becomes a virtual fight so to speak. In many situations you won’t see the enemy coming.

Customer Loyalty For A Company - 1991 Words

With more and more suppliers in the market place, customers have more diversified options regarding products, prices and shopping places. Therefore, marketing departments gradually come up with ideas on retaining current customers which brings in the concept of customer loyalty. Customer loyalty is the ongoing process of customers buying products or services from a specific company (Gustavsson, 2005). For most companies, retaining customers costs less than attracting new ones and also reduces expenses on promoting products. In order to reach this aim, the organization constantly increases customer loyalty by carrying out loyalty programs to reward the remaining customers for repeated transactions (Donnelly, 2009). The effect of customer†¦show more content†¦The essay begins by reviewing the literature to focus on the definition and the different ways to achieve of customer loyalty. Engel and Blackwell (1982) regard brand loyalty as the customers’ rreaction to preference, attitude and behavior towards one or more brands in a same product category for a long-lasting time. Assael(1992) and Keller(1993) defined brand loyalty as a preferable response towards a brand which leads to the repetitive action of purchasing over a period of time. While Gremler(1995) includes both attitude and behaviour into the scale of measurement of loyalty. Blanchard and Galloway (1994) and Heskett et al (1990) believed that customers assess the value gained from a transaction or service, thus resulting in customer satisfaction.. It is also related to the value expected from the transactions with competitors (Zeithaml et al., 1990). The relationship between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty is the most significant one in the business market on account of the implications for companies’ marketing environment and financial situations (Gupta and Zeithaml, 2006). The current studies identify customer satisfaction as an attitude describing consumers’ perceptions towards their purchasing experiences (Anderson and Salisbury 2003) while customer loyalty, as a result of customer satisfaction, is identified as a potential behaviour to