Monday, December 30, 2019

Analysis Of The Songs Of Innocence By William Blake

William Blake, an unconventional writer and artist in Romantic England, was known best for his unique printing method and claim to supernatural visions. In 1789, Blake published the â€Å"Songs of Innocence,† a collection of poems attributed with an innocent, romantic viewpoint, as the title indicates. One of the poems, â€Å"The Divine Image,† was used to identify the nature of God in man. â€Å"The Divine Image† speaker identifies the Mercy, Love, Peace, and Pity found in humans to be truly divine and of God. These â€Å"virtues of delight† are understood not only to be of God, but to comprise His very being. The â€Å"Songs of Experience† counterpart to this poem, â€Å"The Human Abstract,† reveals how religion perverts this pure connection by instating man-made†¦show more content†¦However, before the idealist, there was the boy†¦ William Blake was born in the Soho district of London, England in 1757. A son of a hosier, William was allowed a comfortable lifestyle, through which he had access to printed works of his favorite Renaissance artists and writers. However, at the age of ten, William was sent away from his home to Park’s drawing school, a place to cultivate the creative potential William’s father saw in him. It was through his learning that he landed an apprenticeship to Basire, the local engraver, at the age of fourteen. Throughout his seven year training, William acquired a taste for all things Gothic, and labored on the first of his many works, Poetical Sketches.† Finally, at the end of his apprenticeship, William attended the Royal Academy of Arts for a time before meeting his soon-to-be wife, Catherine Boucher. Ms. Boucher was, in fact, illiterate at the time of meeting William, but after their hasty courtship and marriage, Blake rectified said fact by teaching her to read, write and paint. These skills would enable Catherine to aid her husband in many of his following works. After marriage, Blake’s career began to pick up speed, starting with his first published work, â€Å"Poetical Sketches† in 1783. The initial success of this work painted a rather optimistic picture of the future for the Blakes; but, a year later, tragedy struck. At the age of 27, Blake lost his brother, Robert,Show MoreRelatedSongs Of Innocence And Of Experience By William Blake Analysis868 Words   |  4 PagesSongs of Innocence and of Experience is the foundation of the work of one of the greatest. English poets and artists. The two sets of poems reveal what William Blake calls â€Å"the two contrary states of the human soul.† In both series, he offers clues to deeper meanings and suggests ways out of the apparent trap of selfhood, so that each reading provides greater insight and understanding, not only to the poems but also to human life. Throughout this poem, the logic of this poem favors experience ratherRead MoreAnalysis Of The Songs Of Innocence And Experience By William Blake1208 Words   |  5 Pagespoet William Blake. It was a city with no hope for poor people, and the government and church did little to help this. Among the poor were children working in slave-like conditions to feed their families and going to charity schools. Blake puts these children at the center of his piece to show the hypocritical nature of the church and how innocent people are suffering from it. He takes on two angles from the same topic: the event of Holy Thursday. By examining it from the lens of innocence, thenRead MoreThe Songs Of Inn ocence And Experience William Blake Analysis1751 Words   |  8 Pagesreligions have different gods, traditions, and ceremonies, but they all have one thing in common; people take different viewpoints of a religion to fit into their mindset. William Blake uses this idea to express how he believes people see Christianity and God. In his series named â€Å"The Songs of Innocence and Experience,† Blake creates the image of opposing views of similar situations. The poems show the views of the innocent and the experienced. The innocent takes on the roles to show how naivetyRead MoreSongs of Good and Evil1545 Words   |  7 Pagesall describe William Blake’s life (Greenblatt, Abrams, Lynch, Stillinger). Blake was born November 28, 1757 in London, England and his artistic ability became evident in his early years. Blake had a very simple upbringing and had little education. His formal education was in art and at the age of fourteen he entered an apprenticeship with a well-k nown engraver who taught Blake his skills in engraving. In Blake’s free time, he began reading writing poetry. At the age of twenty-one, Blake completed hisRead MoreWilliam Blake s The Tyger1132 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Blake’s â€Å"The Tyger† and Tragedies William Blake wrote a set of poems in his collection Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience. Some of the poems in each collection were meant to be read together to show the difference between innocence and experience. Many people question why Blake wrote a two part series to his poems and what they could actually mean. Two specific poems, â€Å"The Lamb† and â€Å"The Tyger,† were meant to be read together. â€Å"The Lamb† is a part of Blake’s Songs of Innocence andRead MoreWilliam Blake in Contrast of Songs of Innocence and of Experience1452 Words   |  6 PagesEN 222-Intro to British Lit. II April 21, 2012 William Blake in contrast of Songs of Innocence and of Experience William Blake, an engraver, exemplified his passion for children through his many poems. Blake lived in London most of his life and many fellow literati viewed him as eccentric. He claimed to have interactions with angels and prophets, which had a great influence on his outlook of life. Blake believed all prominent entities, those being church, state, and government had become sick withRead MoreWilliam Blake Songs of Innocence Experience1256 Words   |  6 PagesSweeper† Songs of Innocence amp; Experience analysis with, William Blake In 1794 William Blake’s work was known and published as a collection of poems that were put together as one book called Songs of innocence amp; Songs of Experience. In the collection Blake titles a poem, â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper†, and this one is viewed in two ways: Innocence and experience. In the book of innocence Blake shows how poor innocent children are being abused and mistreated during this time era. In Songs of innocenceRead MoreWilliam Blake s Innocence And Experience Analysis Essay1529 Words   |  7 PagesIsha Fidai Amber Drown English 2323 14 September 2016 William Blake s Innocence and Experience Analysis The Romantic Era was a movement in literature that began in the late seventeenth century throughout the eighteenth century that was mainly influenced by the natural world and idealism. Romanticism was predominantly focused on emotion and freedom emphasizing individualism. Formed as an uprising against neoclassicism, romanticism was more abstract, focusing on feelings and imaginations, insteadRead More An Analysis of Blakes The School Boy Essay1745 Words   |  7 PagesAn Analysis of Blakes The School Boy  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   The School Boy is a typical example of Blakes Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience in its themes and imagery. Like many of the other poems in this work it deals with childhood and the subjugation of its spirit and uses imagery from the natural world. While first published in 1789 as one of the Songs of Innocence there are strong reasons why Blake moved it to the Experience1 section of the 1794 edition. If we compare it to other poems inRead MoreEssay about The Voice of the Chimney Sweepers1180 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Blake (1757-1827) led a relatively happy life. At an early age, he claimed that he could see God, Angels, and other important Italian figures. Blake’s parents encouraged him to keep a record of all the masters he claimed to keep in contact with. Blake’s father, James Blake, gave him casts and engravings to keep this record. At the age of ten, Blake started at a drawing school named Henry Pars’ Drawing School. Three years late r, he was apprenticed to a Master Engraver, James Basire. Blake

Sunday, December 22, 2019

Bed, White Walls, All Surfaces Are Padded - 1528 Words

Patient 133 White bed, white walls, all surfaces are padded. I am patient 133 of the Genevieve Oaks Asylum for the Insane. I sit up. I can hear the rain coming down outside. First the pitter patter of small drops hitting the ground, but soon the pouring of water from the roof splashes down, as the intensity of the rain increases. Through the dark I can see my cellmate staring at me with a blank expression. His name is Amon and I’ve known him all my life, even before I was a patient in this asylum. He’s unusually tall, thin, with black hair and very quiet. He is my only friend in this world and my only friend in this dreary asylum. The night comes quickly here, the days are a blur and soon it’s dark. Now the moon has taken the†¦show more content†¦During free time we’re permitted to walk freely in an open room. The doctors often come by during this time to ask questions. Questions about how we’re doing, our mental conditions, etc. They ob serve and analyse us as if we’re lab specimens. With plastic smiles and false friendliness, they talk at us. I never was quite convinced of the genuineness of their smiles. It s always bothered me how stiff and fake it looks, never faltering for an instant, but failing to make you feel any more comfortable. Beyond their facade they conceal something much more sinister, but I can see through them, I know how they really are. For a while I’ve noticed a patient has been missing, the nurses tell me he s sick, Amon tells me they re lying. As the days go by, I notice more patients are missing. At night I wake to the strange sounds more and more, each time feeling the paralysing fear grip me, unable to move from my bed. I know we must leave this place. Those who come back There are those who come back after they go missing, but they are not the same. The patient across from me is not there, his cell is empty. A moment ago the doctors took him away, kicking and screaming. He flailed his torso around and screamed unintelligible words, but it was no use. He could not escape the straightjacket that bound his arms or the guards that urged him forward. This patient had become increasingly violent and aggressive, so the doctors had to do

Friday, December 13, 2019

Longer School Days Free Essays

American today tends to believe that our educational system is working. I truly believe for this generation of students to remain competitive with their international peers as adults, they need to start spending more time in school. I am an advocate for longer school days. We will write a custom essay sample on Longer School Days or any similar topic only for you Order Now In fact at 180 days of school, American children spend the least amount time in the classroom when compared to other countries. Sure there are some undeniable hurdles, but overall the core idea is simple that children need enough time to learn, to build the skills, develop the knowledge and well-roundedness required to work and thrive in the twenty-first century. Nothing considered by itself is enough to turn schools around not the most gifted teachers, most inspiring principals, newest buildings, or most up-to-date equipment. Time, on the other hand, is an imperative groundwork for new levels of student achievement and educational success. Like any precious resource, it can be wasted. Simply tacking extra time poorly spent onto the current school schedule, does not get the job done. An article from CNN. om reports that the public charter schools that belong to the well-known Knowledge Is Power Program or KIPP serving fourteen thousand overwhelmingly low-income (80 percent) African American and Latino (90 percent) students in seventeen states with concentrations in Houston, Texas decided to eliminate the lack of time as an excuse for failure. KIPP day at 7:30 a. m. and ending it at 5 p. m. , with Saturday school twice a month and at least three weeks of mandatory summer school. By every measure national, statewide, and local KIPP students not only improve themselves, they also outperform the great majority of their peers. 90 percent of KIPP Houston High School tenth graders passed the Texas statewide math exam, as compared to 49 percent of other Houston tenth graders. Nearly four-fifths of students who complete KIPP’s eighth grade (the network consists mostly of middle schools) have entered college; nationally, the proportion for low-income students is less than one in five. Although I grant that longer school days do have some undeniable hurdles. For instance, loss of personal time could mean that spending more time at school would cut into the amount of time students are able to spend at home. Teacher burnout could contribute from adding hours to the school day only compound a teacher’s already busy schedule. Longer school days would require more time from students and teachers, but it would not guarantee results. The budget comes in to play when keeping facilities open and requiring staff and faculty to put in longer days will cost more money. I still maintain that longer school day positive outcomes will outweigh the hurdles. My conclusion is that schools will be able to restore academic subjects that had been scaled back or even dropped due to the emphasis on core instruction and high-stakes testing in reading, writing, and math. Students are able to study crucial academic subjects such as science, history, social studies, and foreign languages. Teachers including myself will have the time to work with each other in planning how they teach their students, time that almost never exists in the current school schedule. How to cite Longer School Days, Papers

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Leadership 5 Slides Planning and Organizing

Question: Discuss about theLeadership 5 Slidesfor Planning and Organizing. Answer Introduction This slide introduces to the basic of leadership. A leader is one who can do the right set of things and can guide others. Likewise, leaders have the ability to lead from front. It is important that leaders should have the skills to keep employee motivated. Slide 3: What is Leadership Simply defined, it is the act of leading a group or an organization in a formal or an informal setting (Plucknette, 2014). The leader oversees the development of teams with diverse individuals who possess the skill sets needed to ensure the project critical in the success and overall performance of the project (Carpenter, Bauer Erdogan, 2014). Slide 4: Leadership Basis In a nutshell it can be said that confidence, commitment and passion are the three key basis of leadership. It is important that the leaders should have these attributes so that they can lead from front. Leaders should be able to take calculated risks and take the team together in the tough time. Slide 5: Top Attributes of Leadership There are nine key attributes of leadership. These are Team Building, Honesty, Creativity Attitude, Commitment, Delegation, Foresight, Listening, Communication and Growth. Slide 6: What Defines Great Leadership A great leader or a good leader is one who can get the bets out of the people. A true leader realize that leadership is all about giving and serving (Hutchinson Boxall, 2014). The true leaders are always willing to serve the team, or community. The good leaders lead by setting the right examples. References Carpenter, M, Bauer, T Erdogan, B (2014) Principles of Management: Planning, Organizing, Leading, and Controlling, retrieved from https://catalog.flatworldknowledge.com/bookhub/reader/6?e=fwk-127512-ch01_s03 Hutchinson, A. Boxall, P. (2014), The critical challenges facing New Zealands chief executives: implications for management skills, Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, vol.52, pp.23-41. Plucknette, D. (2014).4 Differences between managers and readers. Plant Engineering. 68(10), p.16-18.

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Use of Technology for GE

Outline Introduction – Under this section, the importance of technology in the efficient running of an organization is exploredAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Use of Technology for GE specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Discussion -This section examines the use of information technology by GE and how some of the policies on use of internet from various countries could impact on the expansion program of GE. In addition, the section also employees’ issues related to use of technology and the consequences of failing to comply with the established guidelines. Conclusion -Here, the importance of information technology for an organization with a global reach as GE is recaptured for purposes of enhancing the company’s efficient operation. Introduction For any organization that wishes to maintain a competitive edge in the market, there is need to embrace technology. This is because the proper harnessin g of technology helps an organization to become more efficient in its operations. There are many benefits that come about when an organization embraces technology. To further explore some of these benefits, this research paper shall explore the use of technology by General Electric (GE). Discussion Many countries have embraced the use of the internet albeit with some questions being raised (Abbate, 1999, p. 12).GE has been involved in a massive expansion program to enhance its global presence. As a matter of fact, some of the policies implemented by various countries that deals with the use of information technology may affect GE’s ability to expand further globally. There are many issues that come about once an organization with a global presence as GE decides to expand. With the use of internet, employee’s issues related to use of information technology often crops up. It is important for an organization to address such issues as they cannot be ignored. Because there are many opportunities for expansion, issues relating to work have posed a big challenge as a result of the need to implement them in line with the established guidelines (Abbate, 1999, p. 15).Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On certain occasions, the issue of global supply chain control arises. As a result, we could end up with restricted the flow of business (just because they have to be adhered to). In addition to these, there have also been issues that relate to international tax compliance and structuring. This have in most occasions eroded the vast opportunities that are available due to the extremes in this scenario. New technology has always presented a lot of opportunities for adoption by businesses. However, this has on certain occasions been overshadowed by certain issues that need to be explored further (Castells, 1996, p.4). The internet has been viewed as a great way of doing business by consumers in many countries and this explains its wide use all over the globe. Consumers in many countries have embraced the internet and therefore see it as a very efficient way of advancing their lives. However, the internet has been used suspiciously due to privacy issues where some customers have feared that whatever they are doing might not be private at all (Castells, 1996. P.7). Consumers will be less concerned about internet privacy if they are convinced that they are secure in whatever they are doing online in all occasions. Because of some complains and the exposure that the internet puts to many customers some governments have come up with consumer protection laws to ensure that indeed they are protected. The presence of such laws though in some instances has redefined business they have also been critical. In spite of all these shortcomings, consumers still view the internet as an avenue for accessing numerous business opportunities that would o therwise have remained impossible to achieve. Since GE has a global presence in its business operations, there is need for the organization to adjust its operational procedures. The first thing to do is to ensure that its operations are well coordinated to avoid any leaks that might end up being used to its disadvantage in other countries. Since GE is involved in global business, it has to abide by the various laws and business guidelines that have been put in place by those countries (Castells, 1996, p. 9). Its operations might have to be too involving (that is; by involving all the stakeholders) for them to succeed. Personal and organizational responsibilities for moral and ethical use of technology Despite the need to adopt technology in order to compete in today’s world, an organization must determine, develop and implement methods of anticipating and responding to issues that may arise from technological activities.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Use of Technology for GE specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Any industrial corporation worldwide that is utilizing technology must be able to respond to social needs. Proactive philosophy is a responsive approach that companies using technology must adhere to. It is important to anticipate problems before they occur and develop approaches of dealing with those problems. This is one of the key issues that an organization can extend to its internal and external stakeholders as well as to the general community. The other key issue is adapting to accommodation philosophy. This means doing more that the minimum expectation from the public policy. Related to this is the need to avoid any illegal act that will affect the society at large. Such include having harmful emissions from the adopted technology. Technological advancements like steam engines and electricity can be used for not only good but also to commit social crime hence threatening social values. With this in mind, it is important to have ethical considerations in the use of technology. Some of the moral responsibilities associated with technology include: The information rights and obligations This includes the information rights that individual and organizations have on the technology as well as to themselves. System quality This explains about the standards of system and data quality and whether it protects individual’s rights as well as the society’s safety. Property rights and obligations This dictates the protection that traditional intellectual rights have in relation to the digital society. This is because accounting for their ownership may be difficult and hence easily forgotten. Quality of life This explains about the values that must be retained in the knowledge-based society.Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Accountability and control This questions about who will be held accountable and liable for the harms caused on individuals and the organization, the information therein as well as the rights of the property Conclusion If at all General Elects aspires to have a competitive edge in the market, it is important for the company to fully embrace information technology in all its operations. In addition, there is need for the organizations to ensure that its workforce fully comply with the established guidelines regarding the use of the internet. Reference List Abbate, J. (1999). Inventing the Internet. Cambridge: MIT Press, Castells, M. (1996). Rise of the Network Society. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers This essay on Use of Technology for GE was written and submitted by user Zackery M. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Monday, November 25, 2019

The Use of the Atomic Bomb essays

The Use of the Atomic Bomb essays The use of the atomic bomb in World War II was a controversial and horrifying site. Although the use of the first bomb on Hiroshima may be justified the use of the second bomb on Nagasaki was not. The topics discussed in this research paper will be the reasons for and against the first bomb and the reasons against the second bomb. The use of the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima was a necessary step towards winning the war with Japan. The dropping of this bomb saved many American lives that would have most likely been lost in the war effort had we decided not to use the atomic bomb. The dropping of this bomb also showed the Japanese that we were not afraid to do what was necessary to win the war and that they should surrender while they had the chance. The dropping of this first atomic bomb may have also saved Japanese lives in the process, because of the high death rate of war. This is why the first bomb used on Hiroshima was justified. Many people however feel that we were not justified in dropping either of the atomic bombs on Japan. They feel this because along with militaristic people we had to kill innocent civilians. Many people in this group also feel that although the atomic bombs ended the war quickly that we would have eventually won anyway. It is believed that it would have taken an estimated 18 months to cripple Japan enough for it to be forced to surrender. This is why some people feel that America was not justified in dropping the atomic bombs. Although most feel that America was justified in dropping both atomic bombs some people feel that they did not have warrant dropping the second bomb. These people feel that America should have given Japan an ultimatum saying that they would drop another bomb if Japan did not surrender unconditionally. The site for dropping the second bomb was based only upon the population of Nagasaki; there was no reason to use the bomb on a civilian location. Instead of using...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Movies on Racial Discrimination Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Movies on Racial Discrimination - Movie Review Example And even though he was locked up inside, he still knows how to do and handle "business." Guys on their neighborhood, Mexican-Americans mostly, are members of their gang and they call one another as "carnal." When he got out of the jail, he learned from his father that he was not born out of love but just a product of a sexual assault. His mother then was raped by sailors at the time of the Zoot Suit Riot. When Santana met his love interest in the movie, he was tempted to change his ways for her sake. But even if he was tempted, it did not happen. Some things went wrong so the two of them did not end up being together. Santana, in the last part of the movie, was brought back behind the bars again and there he was killed by his fellow inmates. Talk to Me, on the other hand, is a movie that has concentrated on the life of Petey Greene after he got out of prison. He was an ex-convict who wanted to land a job in a radio station where his former inmate's brother is working. He was at first turned down by Dewey thinking that helping him might cost him his job. But the table has twitched and turned and so Dewey has still decided to help him. Hence, Petey has become a successful disc jockey and a television personality. The issue then on race is and has always been a big matter even up to now when there are already so many societies claiming to practice egalitarianism. But what like Marks said- racial categories are but just "cultural constructs" to which Biology would deny to give its support (Marks, available from http://www.mrrena.com/misc/race.php). In the movie Zoot Suit, it was clearly presented that the Mexican-Americans' trademark are the Zoot Suits. But as mentioned in the film, the real meaning of Zoot suit has been distorted by the media. It was used against them and was used to label them. As a result, crimes or any sort of violence within the area would always be attributed to them. Marks also mentioned in his writing that being a member of what he called "unbiological groupings" referring to the racial categories (such as the Chicanos and Jews) "may mean the difference between life and death, for they are the categories that allow us to be identified (and accepted or vilified) socially" (Marks, available from http://www.mrrena.com/misc/race.php). Applying it in the context of the movie American Me, becoming a part of the gang to which Santana belongs to is one's pride and joy. This film didn't portray racism as it is in the usual way since the Mexican-Americans here were the ones being discriminatory. And as a proof to this, there was even a scene in the movie that showed the gang raping a white guy. Another movie that has touched some of the issues on racism is Talk to Me. Blacks, as we all know, have always been mistreated. They have been often discriminated and ridiculed by the Whites as if they belong to a different species. Their opinions or take on matters are not important at all or so they believe. In this movie, when Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was shot to death, the Blacks cause an uproar and chaos on the streets to show the Whites how angry they were for killing him. The Blacks' strong affinity with him is maybe because he was also one of them. Furthermore, only few people can assert their right on social issues and Martin Luther King Jr. was one of them. He was like the voice of the Black people so it wasn't surprising anymore that people would violently react about his death.

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Creative Exercise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Creative Exercise - Essay Example Instead, the government will rely on the business license renewals, sales taxes, real estate taxes, and other non-individual tax revenues for its operation. I will lead them into a world where education is of the utmost importance and yet costs the parent very little to spend on. It wont be hard to do this because the child will be home schooled by their parents, using the internet as the basis of their classroom setting. Standardized testing of the child will be done by the Department of Education thus, only the testing fees shall be charged as additional government revenue. The test will be the prerequisite to moving on to the next level of education just as in a regular school. The world that I envision is one where people will not want nor lack for anything because all the taxes collected shall go towards providing with public with as much free services as possible. This will include free medical services with nominal fees charged for major operations and procedures. Mine shall be a world with a government that is down-scaled because only the most necessary government offices shall be in place. Redundancy will not exist because government agencies will know how to multitask in the service of the people. The Utopian world that I shall lead the people to will take them back to the simpler times when people grew their own food and farming was the proud way of life that people used to sustain themselves. It is a world where sharing is the key to survival , not money. Of course I shall lead them towards this type of world and lifestyle to the best of my abilities. Whether I successfully lead them or not will depend upon whether they are willing to make sacrifices in order to achieve the utopian society that I will strive to create for everyone

Monday, November 18, 2019

Curriculum Development Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Curriculum Development - Assignment Example Philosophical theories in particular help in controlling the organization and content of the curriculum. Realism, for instance, asserts that the aim of education is primarily to teach values and things which will lead to the good life, which is, however â€Å"equated with one which is in tune with the overarching order of natural law† (Marshall, as cited in Golen, 1982). Realistic philosophy thus emphasizes learning through the direct study of nature via the aid of teachers. Thus, it has led to the continuous development of instructional methods that are suited to this kind of learning such as lecture, sensory experiments, and demonstrations, stressing the cultivation of logic and rational thoughts. Another theory is called pragmatism, which is founded on the principle that change is the principal characteristic of life. It has resulted to a curriculum that is learner-centered, wherein experiences are primordial in the educational process. Social Foundation. This foundation could be defined as influences that are present in society and culture. It is concerned with the impact of forces and institutions that comprise the school program’s culture. These are elements which create the greatest impact on the curriculum developer’s way of thinking as they always think and act within the society they live. In other words, the content, objectives, and methods of the devised curriculum shall reflect the social or cultural background of the developers (Print, 1993). Society and culture are the shapers of education since curriculum makers take into account the social setting, culture, the relationship between society and education, and the social implications of knowledge and change (Ritz, 2006). It must be noted that curriculum development is centered on attaining educational goals that are in harmony with broad cultural and societal goals.

Friday, November 15, 2019

Role of the Line Manager and Devolved Responsibility

Role of the Line Manager and Devolved Responsibility Understanding how HR function equips line manager to deal with devolved responsibility Literature review: Government deregulation, strong competition and big pressure in domestic and overseas market have led many organisations to concentrate on the management of employees in order to meet increasing demands for quality goods and services. It was posited that HRM represented an opportunity for the function to improve its status by making innovative and positive contributions to corporate goals and business success (Tyson, 1987) There is however general agreement over one structural change that has taken place, many organisations have devolved manpower responsibility from a function personnel office to line manager ( Hutchinson and wood,1995) In order to maintain competitive advantage, companies have been forced to come up with a new strategic innovation and devolved some HR responsibility to line managers to keep the business on track and to achieve the overall HRM strategy and thus the business strategy. This new vision of bringing HR task to the line has been dictated by the fast changing business environment, keenoy (1990) tend to see HRM as an instrumental approach to people management, driven by market oriented activities that affect the business as a whole. Cunningham and Hymans (1999) noticed that personnel function was being removed from departments and devolved to line managers because it has consistently failed to achieve results in the past, but other causes that helped to build up a new way in how hr function and line managers work together, many changes in the corporate environment like competition, decentralisation, and privatisation has reformed HR function. Another problem is that HR profession does not control access to personnel job, a non HR manager can become an HR manager when the employers decide so. The rational of why line involvement has become more frequent following the idea of (Brewster, Larsen.2000.p196) is mainly because of five factors: To reduce cost To provide a more comprehensive approach of HRM. To place responsibility for HRM with managers most responsible for it. To speed-up decision making. As an alternative to outsourcing the HR function. Defining line managers role : The literature make a distinction between line and staff function, line function are those who have direct responsibility for achieving the objectives of the organisation (Stewart ,1963). Dalton (1959) said that line officers are lacking skills when translating staff advice into effective working practice. We can notice different layers of line activity within organisations but for the purpose of our research the term line managers refers to section or area heads that exists above supervisory level but doesnt include senior position within the hierarchy (Noreen, Michael, 1995) Drucker (1974) views that the management job consist of five basic  operations: Setting objectives Organising Motivating and communicating Measurement People development March and Gilies (1983) said that industrial relation and day to day personnel activities lie with line and staff manager and subordinate supervisors. A useful typology of senior/middle line manager was proposed by storey (1992), this typology give us better view about different roles that a manager can do in the organisation, he used two key dimension of the line manager described in the matrix figure 1. Source : Storey 1992 , Typology of middle line managers . The first dimension is when a manager is commercially oriented or technically oriented and the second dimension is measuring whether a manager is taking a proactive or reactive attitude. storeys typology is useful because it let us know different role that a manager can do in the area of HRD which is part of the devolved task to line managers. The HR role : We understood from the previous that line manager have the responsibility of HR task in their area, in the other side HR department is responsible for HRM across all the organisation (Henrick , Brewster .2003). Tyson and fell 1992 proposed a conceptualised classification of three models of personnel management as follow: From 1960s clerk of works doing routine works. From 1970s as a contract manager From 1980s as an architect business manager who is responsible of planning , Tyson and fell concluded that personnel managers facilitate other management task to occur, and their most important skills depend in their timing of applying techniques and their ability to sell their services to client line managers. Storey (1992) came up with the intervention /non intervention dimension and a strategic/tactical axis and he presented four main types of personnel practitioner : advisers , handmaiden(reactive, client/contractors of line manager), regulators (intervene to monitor the observance of employment rules) , and last the highest position which is strategic and interventionary change makers, storey findings explain that personnel in the majority of companies wasnt the main drivers of the change wanted , because the regulator still outnumbered the change makers in most of the companies. Source : Storey J 1992, four roles of personnel managers. The HR function is responsible of giving guidance and taking initiative, in order to support and solve all the problems associated to the organisations employee. HR function is a very important part in an organisation providing the advice and services that facilitate organisation to get the job done through people. The HR function is in place to make sure HR strategies, policies and practices are known by everybody in the organisation and maintained, but also providing the support for everything concerning the employment, well being of people and their development and the existent relationship between management and employee. It plays a major role in creating an environment that encourage employee to realize their potential to the benefit of the company and themselves (Armstrong, 2010) HR function, line management set up : Many researchS have been done to prove the consensual relation between hr function and line managers , (Guest 1987) presented a framework which resulted in an HRM approach, according to him the adoption of an HRM should result in an organisational pay-off designed to produce a strategic integration, high commitment , high quality , and flexibility among employees . guest said that integration as a concept is composed of four aspects, firstly the integration of HR policy making and corporate strategic planning process, second HRM policy should be integrated with one another and with other business strategy in the organisation like finance and marketing, the third one is that it should be an integration between attitude and practices of line managers within the organisations HR policies, the fourth aspect is the integration of the employees with the interest of the organisation by showing a high commitment to the organisation. The leadership behaviour and HR practice of line managers will affect the employees commitment, the commitment could be to the organisation or more likely to the line manager as proved by the team at bath university and supported by CIPD, the research showed where people feel positive about their relationship with their front line managers they are more likely to have higher levels of job satisfaction, commitment and loyalty which result in better performance. Sisson (1994) emphasise that the first two aspect of integration are difficult to achieve unless they are seriously managed by top and middle managers in the organisation. Storey (1992) as well refers to three key elements and suggested to associate them with a distinctive approach of HRM, the first element is that the HRM of an organisation is the one that makes the difference. The second element is that in order to make the difference , HRM needs to be managed in a strategic way . The third element is the one that requires line managers to know the link between HRM and the strategic direction of the organisation designed by its top managers. This third element matches the third aspects of integration , and (guest 1987.p514) add that in order to achieve the third outcome of flexibility , managers need to have change agent skills. Hutchinson examined the involvement of line manager in HR and found that HR manager do consult line managers, and some other managers are working in partnership. The empirical evidence from Hutchinson and wood study (1995) shows a joint working between personal and line managers and also an increasing role for line manager in the HR function. Another study from Cunningham and Hymans noted that more line manager are getting involved in HR work, an evidence from Saragota study suggested that the extent that line management were involved in HR task was wide with the line doing around third of core HR department roles.(IRS,1995). Torington and Hall (1996) found HR specialist work in partnership with line manager when they design the HR strategy, the study showed that personnel function was involved in strategy at some point and was developed in cooperation with line managers, the conclusion was that the approach was small rather than holistic and personnel was reactive rather than proactive . the impact of this devolved responsibility to the line was that some line managers supported the move, but others taught that it starts people problem which is the responsibility of HR to deal with , because line managers didnt have the skills to take on these new tasks , some other problem was lack of consistency and inadequacy of train ing and support provided for line management. Pool and Jekins (1997) analysed the extent of line management responsibility for HR practices concluding that line managers were far more responsible than might have been supposed with a central pattern of line dominance in operational responsibility on most personnel HR matters. Mc Govern et al (1997) study of line management practice discovered the reluctance of some managers to take on personnel responsibilities, believing that its not their job but personnels job, as a result many HR department were afraid or reluctant to devolve responsibilities to the line as there was lack of knowledge and ability to take it on. They identified a model of line managers getting involved directly in HR activities with the support of the HR function and personal motivation was the factor motivating the line , but some obstacles were facing them like the quality of practice by line managers, short term managerial approaches another big problem was that the line couldnt devote much time to HR activ ities as their return on effort was not directly quantifiable and they concluded : The prospect for full-blown devolvement to the line are not promising given the current priorities of these business , attempts to devolve HRM to the line may be possible but only by providing support from HR specialist (McGovern et al ,1997 , p 26) Other researcher report a joint working arrangement at two different level, the first one is at director level between HR and other directors, and the second at a subsidiary company level between line managers and personnel managers (Genard, Kelly , 1997) and this resulted in business driven partnership to improve performance and a big importance was given to the influential role that HR director has to play . Tornhill and Saunders (1998) came up with the worst scenario for the HR specialist known as The absentee specialist which suggest the complete devolution of HR task to line managers and could result in negative implication for successful HR outputs. Other researcher argued that overall the personnel function is still vulnerable even though line manager work in managing subordinates could help the presence of personnel to assist the line in less than a strategic function. Some researchers even suspect devolution of HR responsibilities to the line came from the desire to cut cost and the companies wish to free themselves from some responsibilities. Thus the claim (Guest, 1987,P.51) could mislead the reader because to achieve a successful HRM practices within an organisation a qualified HRM specialist is needed and line managers need the appropriate designed HR practices to use in their management activities. (Purcell , Hutchinson , 2007, p .57) However there is an alternative that a close participation between line management and hr function can have a mutual benefit and could help to solve business problems. (Gennard, Kelly , 1997) Partnership between HR and the line : Its argued that people responsible for HR are those directly responsible for supervising staff that there primary purpose is to manufacture products , sell goods or equipments or deliver a public or customer service , but the problem could be that these line managers have a lack of knowledge and skills to supervise staff effectively (Sisson , storey , 2000) and this is why it would be more rewarding if HR specialist and line managers work together in partnership (Witacker , Mick, 2003) Tyson and Fell (1992) noticed that there is no clear communication between management and employee of their personnel function, this gives the opportunity to act as partners with senior line managers to create orderly change storey 1992 called that as full team member where the running of the business is shared between line manager and personnel . Tomlinson (1993) describe partnership as being where HR needs to get involved in more supportive, collaborative relationship with managers. Other researcher described the partnership approach between HR executives and line managers to be an ideal situation, but recognise that we dont find this partnership happening in all companies. The idea of HR professional acting in partnership with senior line managers was raised by (Ulrich , 1997) to identify HR practices that achieve business strategy (figure 2). http://www.stw.de/typo3temp/pics/c98097d6bc.jpg The HR Business Partner (based on an idea by Dave Ulrich, 1997) he says that line managers and HR professionals working separately cannot be HR champions, this is why they have to form a partnership and in this partnerships line managers will have authority , power and sponsorship , and have the overall responsibility for the HR community, and HR professional will bring technical expertise which show a competence credibility, Ulrich (1997,2005) pointed four new HR roles which are as follow ( business partners, change agent, administrative expert and employee champion ) those new roles lead to three important HR function : Centres of excellence. Shared services. Business partners. But this redefinition of roles and reorganisation of HR function was seen by (CIPD 2007) as having some difficulties to define the new roles, to make change, to deal with skills gap and resources deficiency. Maxwell and Watson (2006) argued that the dominant model for HR operation within organisation is the partnership between HR specialist and line managers. We can understand that the concept of partnership is a good one if everybody is making the effort in the same direction for the benefit of the organisation , we can describe this relation as a reciprocal one , where line manager has to do some HR task but in order to do it properly the right support and training is needed from the HR specialist , but for this partnership to be successful a lot of work need to be done and specially a lot of communication is needed to act fast and solve problems quickly, finally getting the line more involved in HR tasks is not a threat for the HR specialist , because the need of specialist is real and their presence is very important to supervise , help and support the line but also their job will be more strategic. Line manager role for devolved responsibility and the obstacles facing them: First of all let see how line manager are involved in making the policy , ( Hutchinson , wood,1995. P. 17) found that HR specialist are the one responsible for making the policy across all area, they noticed that line managers are not leaders in making the policy either on their own or in consultation with personnel colleagues, but in HR practice they found that line managers are more involved in resourcing and employee relation , however in employee development and employee reward the HR specialist had a major role to play . Hall and Torrington (1998) found that a bigger role is played by HR manager in issues relates to pay and benefit , and the least in appraisal , health and safety , quality initiative and communication . It appears that HR specialist have higher involvement when its a matter of consistency and specialist expertise and lower when line managers are dealing with every day responsibilities. Storey (1992) concluded after doing a survey of fifteen companies that the responsibility of line managers are becoming more important in human resources and their task can include : pay award , training and development , motivating teams , appraisal , on the job coaching , reducing cost , improve the quality , respond to customer service needs , continuous improvement and deploying labour. Another research from Renwick (2002, p. 262) has studied three big organisation which has an HR director on the top team management or board of director and has noticed that the most devolved HR task to the line include : Grievance management, performance appraisal, redundancy selection , pay award , communication with employee , recruitment , employee development and handling sickness absence . CIPD (2010) supported a research made by team of researcher from bath university and describe area where line managers make the biggest difference in people management are as follow : Performing appraisal Training , coaching and guidance Employee engagement ( communication between line management and employee ) Openness ( how easy is it for employees to talk about problems ) The devolution of some HR task to the line is a fact but many research has identified some difficulties facing line managers while handling performance management system , and Gratton et al (1999) said that managers dislike the bureaucracy involved in this process , in the other side there was a reluctance to accept responsibility for decision and adjustment taken by line manager from HR managers, and Redman (2001) found that where line managers are doing performance appraisal they are doing it poorly . another research has shown managers attitude to employee involvement and describe it as no more negative than those of senior managers , and in case of failure of the employee involvement , line manager will be the one to blame (Fenton , Ocreavy , 2001) another research concentrate on line management handling of grievance and discipline, the outcomes shows that line managers are more involved than before but not as much as HR managers and this is because of the complexity of the task , and this task being time consuming and the fear of failing in this task which can have a huge impact in the finance of the company (IRS,2001) Cunningham and James (2001) found that line managers handling of sickness and disability was limited and that was because line managers didnt want to attend training session. Many constraints face line managers in achieving the goal of this devolution because of many reasons , even though there are a positive aspects of devolving HR task to line managers as described in Renwick (2003) as a career enhancer for them in doing HR work but also line managers are the one who apply the HR strategy in practice and bring the HR policy to life (Hutchinson .Purcell 2003) One of the major problem is the workload that the line have to perform especially if they know that they are not expert in doing HR tasks, and this workload leads them to be reluctant on doing HR tasks (Brewster, soderstrom.1994). Another big issue is a lack of training because if line managers have a lack of understanding of HR practices it will prevent the organisation from developing a strong learning culture. This lack of support and training show a bit of confusion because if an organisation devolved HR task to the line , it is to be more efficient and more profitable , but if the line lacks the necessary skills as McGovern et al (1997) describes it that a lack of training can lead to a failure in implementing HR policies, and exposing the organisation to tribunals and this is why the line should be equipped with the right tools to enable them to perform the devolved HR tasks properly which means that continuous and well designed training is needed to be able to achieve the goal set by the organisation. And to be able to achieve the goal , the organisation need to put a special budget for training and development of manager and not leaving them to develop themselves on their own. (McGuire et al 2008) Another big problem is the lack of specialist expert to support managers when dealing with HR tasks, this is happening because of the downsizing of the HR departments in most organisations ignoring the precious need of the line to the specialist and just focusing on reducing cost , but as Renwick and Brewster (2003. P. 231) noticed that reducing the size of HR department could reduce the cost but could also increase it, if managers make inappropriate and wrong decision. (Henrick, Brewster , 2003 . p30) noted that when an organisation has an HR department with a high number of specialist it is more likely to be able to influence line management practice directly , there is a case study evidence that shows how important and influent are HR specialist and they were given the name of strategic change makers (Gennard , Kelly 1997.p35) Many of the criticism concerning the lack of contribution from HR specialist to organisational performance were from line managers, firstly personal practitioner are far away from the commercial realities, and its difficult for them to understand the business , the customer and the corporate target. Secondly HR stops line manager to make decision that they feel are in best interest for the company. Third HR manager act slowly and always want to check how many options do they have rather than making a series of appropriate actions (Marchington ,Wilkinson , 2003.p248) The role of line managers in implementing HR policies was not taken seriously by senior managers, or taken for granted by many companies and there is a small evidence of companies that provide a formal training to equip their line manager to undertake the role of facilitating HRM outcomes. (Cunningham , Hyman. 1995) , Brewster and Larsen has identified three main reason for this : Senior managers presume that line managers already knows the technical aspects of HRM to base their decision. Senior managers do not offer appropriate training before delegating tasks. Senior managers believe that line managers will learn HRM by practising it. Lack of training is a negative factor that make line mangers weak when dealing with devolved HR tasks, but also they are very important for delivering a good HR practice because they are working on the shop floor and they are the one that can make change, which means that an HRM strategy without the line playing a major role would never succeed, in the other side HR specialist will have to equip them with the right training to develop their capacity to deal with people management and excessive stress because of the workload. Another negative aspect is reducing the number of HR expert that can provide the line with precious advise and help and equip them with the right training, this partnership will give HR specialist to concentrate more on making positive change in the organisation, another important question which is worth to research in the future is whether reducing the number of HR experts really reduce the cost in organisation or is it just wrong and cost more money to the organisation? Hutchinson and Purcell (2003) proposed the following suggestion on how line manager can better deal with people management: Provide them with time to carry out their people management duties . Pay more attention to the behavioural competencies required while recruiting manager. Support line managers with strong organisational value in relation to leadership and people management. Develop a good working relationship with different level of management. Make sure the line receive sufficient skills training to enable them to perform their people management activities appropriately.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Current Status Of Malaria Vaccinology Essay -- essays research papers

Current Status of Malaria Vaccinology In order to assess the current status of malaria vaccinology one must first take an overview of the whole of the whole disease. One must understand the disease and its enormity on a global basis. Malaria is a protozoan disease of which over 150 million cases are reported per annum. In tropical Africa alone more than 1 million children under the age of fourteen die each year from Malaria. From these figures it is easy to see that eradication of this disease is of the utmost importance. The disease is caused by one of four species of Plasmodium These four are P. falciparium, P .malariae, P .vivax and P .ovale. Malaria does not only effect humans, but can also infect a variety of hosts ranging from reptiles to monkeys. It is therefore necessary to look at all the aspects in order to assess the possibility of a vaccine. The disease has a long and complex life cycle which creates problems for immunologists. The vector for Malaria is the Anophels Mosquito in which the life cycle of Malaria both begins and ends. The parasitic protozoan enters the bloodstream via the bite of an infected female mosquito. During her feeding she transmits a small amount of anticoagulant and haploid sporozoites along with saliva. The sporozoites head directly for the hepatic cells of the liver where they multiply by asexual fission to produce merozoites. These merozoites can now travel one of two paths. They can go to infect more hepatic liver cells or they can attach to and penetrate erytherocytes. When inside the erythrocytes the plasmodium enlarges into uninucleated cells called trophozites The nucleus of this newly formed cell then divides asexually to produce a schizont, which has 6-24 nuclei. Now the multinucleated schizont then divides to produce mononucleated merozoites . Eventually the erythrocytes reaches lysis and as result the merozoites enter the bloodstream and infect more erythrocytes. This cycle repeats itself every 48-72 hours (depending on the species of plasmodium involved in the original infection) The sudden release of merozoites toxins and erythrocytes debris is what causes the fever and chills associated with Malaria. Of course the disease must be able to transmit itself for survival. This is done at the erythrocytic stage of the life cycle. Occasionally merozoites differentiate into macrogametocytes and microgametocyt... ...ereas the prevailing wisdom required T cells as well in order to achieve protective immunity. Sceptics also pounced on the elaborate and painstaking process of elimination Patarroyo used to find the right peptides. He took 22 "immunologically interesting" proteins from the malaria parrasite, which he identified using antibodies from people immune to malaria, and injected these antigens into monkeys and eventually found four that provided some immunity to malaria. He then sequenced these four antigens and reconstructed dozens of short fragments of them. Again using monkeys (more than a thousand) he tested these peptides individually and in combination until he hit on what he considered to be the jackpot vaccine. But the WHO a 31% rate to be in the grey area and so there is still no decision on its use. In conclusion it is obvious that malaria is proving a difficult disease to establish an effective and cheap vaccine for in that some tests and inconclusive and others while they seem to work do not reach a high enough standard. But having said that I hope that a viable vaccine will present itself in the near future (with a little help from the scientific world of course).